時(shí)間：2022-05-20 08:33:51
序論：在您撰寫(xiě)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)論文時(shí)，參考他人的優(yōu)秀作品可以開(kāi)闊視野，小編為您整理的7篇范文，希望這些建議能夠激發(fā)您的創(chuàng)作熱情，引導(dǎo)您走向新的創(chuàng)作高度。
中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)首先就應(yīng)當(dāng)從聽(tīng)入手，英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)至關(guān)重要?！奥?tīng)力” 英文為L(zhǎng)isteningcomprehension，即聽(tīng)有聲語(yǔ)言，并對(duì) 其理解的能力。正如RiversTemperty所說(shuō)：“聽(tīng)，是人們根據(jù) 自己所了解的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)法三方面的潛力，從語(yǔ)流中獲得信息的積極活 動(dòng)?！?nbsp;
根據(jù)上述觀點(diǎn)，我們可以將聽(tīng)力理解為：獲得有聲信息的活動(dòng)能力，也可以說(shuō)是 一種交際能力。這種能力的強(qiáng)與弱，除了決定人們對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)本身的了解外，還 決定人們對(duì)語(yǔ)言背景文化知識(shí)的占有能力。很難想象一個(gè)對(duì)語(yǔ)言背景文化一無(wú)所 知的人，能夠具備良好的聽(tīng)力。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱中把聽(tīng)說(shuō)教學(xué)放在教學(xué)法的首 位，強(qiáng)調(diào)聽(tīng)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重要目的之一。
從語(yǔ)言角度來(lái)看，語(yǔ)言本身首先是有聲語(yǔ)言。沒(méi)有聽(tīng)，就沒(méi)有說(shuō)，語(yǔ)言的交流也 就無(wú)從談起。因而，聽(tīng)力在語(yǔ)言學(xué)當(dāng)中有其特殊的作用。聽(tīng)，是語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)；聽(tīng) 力，是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的前提。
從心理學(xué)的研究來(lái)看，在相等時(shí)間內(nèi)，聽(tīng)到的信息量比讀到的信息量要大得多； 而聽(tīng)到的信息轉(zhuǎn)化為感性知識(shí)比讀到的信息轉(zhuǎn)化為感性知識(shí)的速度要快得多；聽(tīng) 到的信息往往比讀到的信息更生動(dòng)，印入腦海的烙印更深刻，不易遺忘；同時(shí)， 還能有效地培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感。
從中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的心理特點(diǎn)看，中學(xué)生年少好勝，善于模仿，聽(tīng)覺(jué)靈敏，活潑 喜動(dòng)。如果能注意培養(yǎng)他們的聽(tīng)力，在情趣盎然的氣氛中加強(qiáng)聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練，必將取 得事半功倍的效果。
聽(tīng)力主要由兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成。即迅速正確地辨音解義的能力、理解語(yǔ)言內(nèi)涵的能力， 亦稱“文化悟力”。這兩種能力表現(xiàn)在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)課堂上，即為識(shí)記教師發(fā)出的語(yǔ) 音形式，準(zhǔn)確地辨析詞義，然后從詞義、句義到文章中心大意，迅速辨析、思索、 組合、歸納，并從中悟出講話內(nèi)容的中心所在。這種能力除指對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)本身的 理解能力外，還應(yīng)包含對(duì)有關(guān)文化知識(shí)的理解和占有能力，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、天 文、地理、歷史以及簡(jiǎn)單的科普知識(shí)等等。對(duì)這些知識(shí)的占有與理解無(wú)疑會(huì)提高 對(duì)所聽(tīng)到信息的理解程度，從而使悟出的語(yǔ)義更深刻，更準(zhǔn)確。
那么，怎樣培養(yǎng)學(xué)生聽(tīng)力呢？
培養(yǎng)聽(tīng)力，首先要突破聽(tīng)力障礙，掌握“聽(tīng)”的基本技能。學(xué)生或一般英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí) 者在英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練中存在的聽(tīng)力障礙主要有四個(gè)：①語(yǔ)音障礙②語(yǔ)義障礙③心理 障礙④文化悟力障礙。聽(tīng)力的語(yǔ)音障礙，為這四種障礙之首。英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)下決 心攻破它，然后向更高層次邁進(jìn)。
一、突破語(yǔ)音障礙，掌握聽(tīng)力基本技能
掌握聽(tīng)力基本技能，首先應(yīng)突破語(yǔ)音知識(shí)關(guān)。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)音知識(shí)主要包括六個(gè)方面的 內(nèi)容：不完全爆破、意群、連續(xù)、音的同化與失音、句子重音及語(yǔ)調(diào)。其次還應(yīng) 掌握英音與美音的差別。
突破語(yǔ)音知識(shí)關(guān)的辦法是：認(rèn)真聽(tīng)，注意模仿，用心記憶，并跟老師或錄音機(jī)進(jìn) 行糾正，堅(jiān)持反復(fù)訓(xùn)練和檢測(cè)。請(qǐng)看下面各項(xiàng)檢測(cè)題：
1．請(qǐng)朗讀下面每組詞，注意失去爆破的現(xiàn)象：
①talk，dare，don＇t
②conductor，strict，shortcoming，progr amme，picture，thankful
③makemodelplane
2．朗讀下面的句子，注意失去爆破的現(xiàn)象：
①Goandlookforitinyourownroom．
②Katedoesn＇tsingwel，butshedanceswel．
③Shehaslunchatthefactory．
④Goodmorning，boysandgirls！
⑤Hecougheddayandnight．
3．朗讀下列句子，注意意群間的停頓：
①Everyoneinthetown，knewhim／sowehadn otroubleinfindinghishouse．
②Butthemostinterestingthing／aboutt hisre－markableplan／iswhatpeopledow ithit／afteritiscutdown．
③ThefolowingistakenfromDr．Manete＇sa c－countofhismeetingwiththeboy／ando fwhattheboytoldhim．
④Histheorywassoadvanced／thatfewpeo plecouldunderstandit／atthattime／an devenfewer／wouldacceptit．
⑤Theordinaryschool／cannotgivemuchp racti－caltraininginliving，／becausem ostofthestudents＇time／isspentinclas ses，／studyinglessons．
[Key Word] listening; middle school; English teaching; barrier; teaching activity designing;
【摘 要】隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，英語(yǔ)作為一種國(guó)際通用語(yǔ)在貿(mào)易往來(lái)和文化交流過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。掌握好英語(yǔ)這種交際工具，對(duì)學(xué)生將來(lái)的發(fā)展有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響?，F(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言教育理論高度重視“聽(tīng)”在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和語(yǔ)言使用中的作用。聽(tīng)力教學(xué)既是一種語(yǔ)言教學(xué)，也是一種技能的培養(yǎng)。在聽(tīng)，說(shuō)，讀，寫(xiě)四項(xiàng)技能中，聽(tīng)是最基礎(chǔ)的，最重要的技能。它不僅是獲取語(yǔ)言信息的主要途徑，還是提高其他技能的基礎(chǔ)。許多中國(guó)學(xué)生認(rèn)為聽(tīng)力能力的測(cè)試是所有測(cè)試中最難的部分。在本篇論文中，開(kāi)篇介紹了現(xiàn)在中學(xué)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)的情況，指出當(dāng)中存在的一些問(wèn)題，針對(duì)課前的一些較短的時(shí)間設(shè)計(jì)了一些教學(xué)活動(dòng)。然后集中介紹了聽(tīng)力教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)，強(qiáng)調(diào)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)活動(dòng)應(yīng)將目光集中在聽(tīng)力的過(guò)程上，而非其結(jié)果上。如何提高學(xué)生英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力水平，使他們能取得好的成績(jī)，成為廣大初中教師所共同關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，教師如何進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力教學(xué)，精心設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng)，如何掌握聽(tīng)力教學(xué)的各種技巧顯得十分重要。
【關(guān)鍵詞】聽(tīng)力；初中；英語(yǔ)教學(xué)；障礙；設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng)
1. Introduction
It is true that listening， speaking， reading， and writing are four basic skills in language teaching and learning. Developmentally， these skills are acquired in a certain sequence. Listening is essential for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning. But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master. When listening， listeners follow the speaker， thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker， guessing the speaker’s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker’s words. Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one’s daily life. In addition， learners should have the knowledge of phonetics， vocabulary and grammar. Many learners are afraid of listening， looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak， read and write. Improving listening ability is not in a short time， it is a long time work.
2. Background study
Listening is important in junior students’ English learning. A child first listens for a long time before he is able to speak， so listening plays the first and the most important role in learning a foreign language. Listening is an important means of language. “It is one of the important ways in English language communication. According to Rivers study indications， listening occupies 45% of the whole social interactions. From this， we can see that a good listening can help to improve students’ ability of language understanding. And some statistics show that nearly 50% students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.” [1] ( p1-2) . We must admit that there is no short cut in our life， so as the English learning. It finds that the original initiative to learn listening is very important， which can lead the way to success.
Now have a look at our junior schools. What most teachers do in class is merely to play the recorder and check answers to listening exercises. So most students can hardly learn anything in class， and listening comprehension gives much headache. Hence， in teaching listening comprehension， it is very important for teachers to find the problems students have and suitable ways to solve the problems. English teaching and learning asks for quite some challenges. The challenges are the lack of adequate linguistic environment， the strong interference from their mother tongue， the overcrowded classrooms and the lack of sufficient time for English study on the students' side. And students are having quite a few subjects on hand and shouldering the great task of all-respect full development in schools. And， in many junior school， it is true that Chinese students are not so influent as those in Western countries mainly because they lack self-confidence and they are afraid of making mistakes .In addition， teachers are quite used to the old teaching method， which lays more emphasis on grammar. In order to make themselves understood by all the students， some teachers would explain the grammar rulers or even the texts in Chinese rather than in English in class. Thus， students get fewer opportunities to improve their listening skills.
3. What are the factors influencing the listening comprehension in Chinese middle school classrooms?
Listening is an important mean of language learning. It is one of the significant ways in English language communication. But so many students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult one among all kinds of examinations. Where are their barriers? How to train some tactics for them? That’s what I am going to talk about here.
3.1 The analysis of the reasons for students’ poor listening ability
3.1.1．About the teacher aspect
There is a shortage of English teachers in China. It is usually difficult for English teachers in China to go to English-speaking countries to study or work. Most of them don’t have the experience of going abroad. They have learned their English only in China. So we may say they have certain shortage.
3.1.2．The English environment
The English environment in China is different from other countries e.g. Canada. In China， English is a foreign language (EFL)， not a second language (ESL). Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under this condition which is quite different from that such as in the US. For example， Chinese immigrant students in Canada can learn English more quickly than those in China. Why? Because in Canada， English is regarded as their second language. They enjoy a much better English environment as well as have English high motivations. This is what is needed in China. What those students in China need is this authentic language environment which isn’t easy to be created in China.
3.1.3. The learning aspect
Listening comprehension is the summation of hearing and understanding. If you have a better level about English knowledge， you may be capable of understanding very well in listening to the materials， and may have an excellent response to any questions asked by the speakers on the tapes.
（?。〣arriers on Phonetics and Phonology
It is clear that “Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language， and Phonology studies how speech sounds system in a language form pattern.” [2] (p22) English， as a new language for Chinese students， usually appears some problems exactly on Phonetics and Phonology， such as the mistakes on pronunciation， intonation， and all kinds of skills like word stress， sentence stress， motion of sound， assimilation， sound---linking and incomplete explosion， etc. Therefore some basic knowledge about English Phonetics and Phonology will directly influence students’ listening comprehension. So designing activities must be aimed at point. So designing some interesting game is to let students discriminate the different pronunciation. The key point is guiding students to find the difference themselves. For example， most Chinese students find the discrimination of some sounds is a problem in listening comprehension， especially， some vowels. E.g.， they can hardly distinguish the words like “sit—sea” and “bed--bad”. In a sentence like “He saw a thief steal into the palace”， steal /sti:l/ is very important in understanding the sentence， but some students just recognize it as still/stil/.
(ⅱ) Barriers on tempo
Tempo means the speed of speaking. It can be controlled by an actor who is good at tongue twisters. Some people enjoy more variation in tempo than others， but everyone has a norm which in characteristic of his usual conversational style. One who tends to use a rapid tempo in everyday speech in English， but Chinese students usually don’t have such a tempo in listening. Although sometimes they can speak very fast， they may not catch up with the materials on normal tempo while they’re listening to a tape， especially to a longer conversation or a passage， that’s their problems. Because they only used to listen to teachers who always read under the average speed in daily life， or used to slow conversations with their partners while practicing oral English， that’s why Chinese students can not suit the need of normal speed listening materials or native speakers. Teachers can help students to form a good sensation. Students can train the tempo through reading， because there are many skills on it. English teachers should take efforts to teach students how to learn some knowledge about sentence stress， rhythm， sound and intonation， etc. So， during in the class， or at the beginning of the class， teacher can design a game or completion about reading. The student who is the winner can give him/her a present. Through insisting on doing so， students’s sensation can be improved.
(ⅲ) Barriers on lexicology and grammar
During the process of listening comprehension， listeners should not only do the exercises of sound recognition， but also learn more vocabulary. If a new word appeared while they’re listening， they’ll find it difficult for them to understand the whole meaning， even some students stop to listen and think about over and over the new word they met before while the material are going on. So does the grammar. Grammar can help us to catch the implication of the vocal sounds， and understand them well， and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension. It gives us a basis for judging when the action happens， who is the operator or supporter? What is the factual evidence? Whether it is the subjunctive mood? Etc. If you don’t have a solid foundation on grammar it’ll directly influence your achieving good results while you are listening.
(ⅳ) Barriers on listening habits
The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the materials. During the listening process， they should try to catch the major content， which’s the key point. But many Chinese students have some bad habits while listening. For example， they always try their best to get the meaning of each words， each sentences. Once they meet a new word or a difficulty sentence， they will stop to think. It is doubtless they can’t catch up with the speed any more. Still some students can’t directly understand materials in English， but with the help of Chinese， experienced the process of a heart translation. These bad habits are the main factors influencing their listening comprehension. In fact， it is unnecessary to know every word， every sentence， only should catch the main idea and grasp the major point， that’s enough. If you concentrate to think， you can’t catch up with the materials， and also that’s why you have no time to attend to the main content， let alone seize the implication of it.
Therefore， it is necessary for the teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the students form good habits. Here are some bad listening habits on Listening， which are paraphrased below.
“(1) A poor listener will/ turnoff his or her ears as soon as he or she decides a listening task is going to be dull.
(2). A poor listener listens to only facts and ignores the ideas， the general picture.
(3). A poor listener will fix his or her eyes on the teacher or blackboard， then relax， or Do some thing else， expecting to get the information out of the tape scripts later.
(4).A poor listener will use very little distraction --footsteps， a door opening or closing， a cough， a dropped book—as an excuse to stop listening to the recording or the teacher.”[3] ( p1-2)
(ⅴ) Barriers on cultural background
Language is a kind of cultural expression. It is necessary for students to know some background about the English-speaking countries， such as the history， culture， customs and habits， even life styles. Many students lack of these kinds of knowledge， no wonder they are always making mistakes about them. For example， if teachers give two pieces of passage for them to understand the former， because Spring Festival is the traditional festival in China， everybody knows it very well， that’s helpful for their understanding， however the latter about the Thanksgiving day， students know little about it， it is not easy for them to understand， even very difficult for them to answer some questions about it. Listeners should base on their background knowledge about the topic and their experience of how talks on such themes are structured (as in the case of listening to news or weather reports) besides their understanding of language forms related to the subject area.
(ⅵ) Barriers on psychological factors
It is very important of students to have a good state while listening. Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language learning， they should pay attention to learn it well at the very beginning.
The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one. Linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness. If students meet some words or sentences they don’t understand by chance， they’ll have the fidgets， even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning. It have placed all sorts of obstacles on the important information invisibly and make them less effective， this lowered the degrees of listening comprehension. On the other hand， eternal links， such as the noise made by inside or outside factors， the quality of the recorders， the loudness and the articulation of the sounds， etc， may all become obstructions influencing the students’ listening well. “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings，and it is an analysis of the language signal perception. The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization .”[4] (p1)
Training and improving students’ ability in listening comprehension should combine daily teaching with following points. First of all， in English class， teachers should try to organize their classes in English， which’s the most effective way， students can concentrate their attention while listening to English. Teachers can also know from the expressions in students’ eyes if they understand. Second， using the first five minutes efficiently before the class， or the revision time， ask students to listen to the radios， television programmers in English. Never be afraid of it. Psychological quality is quite important to do everything， so does listening comprehension.
轉(zhuǎn)貼于 4．How to improve students’ listening ability---designing effective classroom activities
Among the four skills (listening， speaking， reading， writing)， foreign language learners often complain that listening is the most difficult one to acquire. Teaching listening should focus on process.
There are three stages in listening activities for language learners: pre—listening， while—listening， post—listening， which will discuss in detail as follow:
4.1 Pre—listening activities
“Research points out that listening activity in general should consist of a pre—listening phase， which should make the context for listening explicit， clarify the purposes for listening， and establish goals， procedures and roles for listening. So a pre—listening activity can involve listeners in the following ways:
(1).By posing the tasks before the students listen to the topic， they are given a purpose for listening， which forces them to focus on selected information.
(2).The listener brings an orientation to a listening event. By opening up the topic， it arouses certain expectations and mentally prepares the students for the topic， it may also activate latest knowledge of vocabulary associated with the topic.
(3).Activating learner’s scripts and tuning in their prior knowledge about the topic helps to relate their background knowledge to the topic to be heard， thus enhancing the comprehension and interpretation of the received message.
(4).By brainstorming what they know about the topic before listening， learners will be able to compare what they know with what they are going to hear， and listen selectively.” [5] (p10)
4.1.1 Purpose
No less than in speaking， the listening process means that the learner must be motivated by a communicative purpose .This purpose determines to a large extent what meanings they must listen for and which parts of the text are most important to them. For example， there may be parts where he does not need to understand every detail， but only to listen for the general gist. There may be other parts where a topic of special significant arises， requiring them to listen for more detailed information—for example， so that they can report about the topic to other members of a group. At other times， a task may require them to listen for specific pieces of information distributed throughout the text.
“The activities will be grouped according to the kind of response that the learner must produce:
(1)Performing physical tasks (e.g. selecting pictures)
(2)Transferring information (e.g. into tabular form)
(3)Reformulating and evaluating information” [6] (p67-68)
4.1.2Choose the appropriate materials
Before having the class， teachers must choose and analysis the materials. “Teacher need to listen the tape all the way through .That way， they will be prepared for any problems， noises， accents etc. That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” [7] ( p100) By doing so， the teacher will know the length of the materials， the difficult points and the focus of the materials， so the teacher can decide in advance how to go on with the teaching in class. Of course， it is a demand for teachers if all other courses. But some teachers do believe that they can teach listening course without any preparation so long as they have the tapes and reference books. So some researchers would like to emphasize the importance of preparations for a class: it is the basic need and also a basic insurance of an effective listening teaching. And the role of analyst， which means that teachers should analyze the functional patterns of the language used in the listening materials that students are to hear. The functions of a language can be simply pided into two patterns: the communication of emotion and the conveying of information. Communication of emotion means that the purpose of using a language is mainly for the establishment of harmonious relationship among the participants of social interaction.
4.1.3 Skills
(ⅰ)Prediction.
Research on speech processing and interpretation suggests that the listener’s ability to make intelligent guesses about what will come next plays a crucial role in their understanding of speech， and prediction is regarded by many researchers as on of the most powerful factors in comprehension. Therefore， a good listener is a good predictor. “By helping our students become better predictors， we are helping them become better listeners.”[8] ( p86)
Prediction also involves asking questions and answering them. According to Fisher and Terry active comprehension is process of generating questions while reading and searching for answers to them. Questioning helps to establish the purpose and causes the listener to interact with the speech， confirming or rejecting expectations.
“Penny Ur summarizes five types of cues that listeners depend on for making predictions about continuation of an utterance:
(1) The stock formula of the language， such as clichés， idioms， quotations and proverbs.
(2). Stress on a particular word in the first part of an utterance is often explained or clarified by a comment in the second.
(3). The logical relationship between the first part of an utterance and the second is often signaled by a conjunction.
(4.) There is construction where the speaker proclaims in advance the kind of thing he is going to say.
(5). Rhetorical questions or bold， brief statements， particularly in the negative， are often followed by answers or amplification in the form of reasons， examples or explanations.” [9] (p11)
(ⅱ)Setting the scene
Another type of pre-listening activity is to set the scene for the students， for example: picture， video， TV etc. Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life， because of the lack of context .So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners’ schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea， so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.
(ⅲ)Listening for the gist
This type of the pre-listening activity is listening for the gist. It is very important to give students practice in this area， because in real life， they can not listen to the materials several times. Therefore， it will be impossible for them to catch all the information， so they need to be fit with some ambiguity in listening and realize that they can still learn even when they do not understand every word. Listening for the gist is familiar with skimming a passage in reading. The key point lays in let students some questions that focus on the main idea or the tone or the mood of the passage. Find whether students can answer the questions even though they can not understand each word or phrase in the passage.
(ⅳ)Listening for specific information
There are situations in real life where they listen only for some specific details and ignore the rest of the entire message. For example， when they listen to the weather report on TV， they are only interested in the temperature in the city where they live or where we plan to go on the holiday， or when they are sitting in a train station or an air port， they do not listen to the details of all the announcements. It is important to expose our students to a variety of type of listening texts for a variety of purpose so that they will develop a variety of listening strategies to use for different situations.
4.2 While - listening activity
This stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control， because this is where a student should pay attention and get the information actively. However， if the teacher can provide a reason， goal， or task for the learner， this should encourage and help students to focus their attention.
In daily class， students must use all aspects of personal listening ability. At the beginning of this article， we have discussed the problems on students’ listening ability.
According to these problems， we must train the comprehensive listening ability in daily time.
Following are some special training
4.2.1 Listen and tick
A large part of what makes a listening task easy or difficult is what the teacher asks the students to do with the materials. If what students all need to do just is tick as they hear them， the task will be much easier. What you need to tick， you can hear them clearly. Because it is quite easy， ticking is very fit for the students who are in grade 7. It can encourage them to listen to the dialogue or passage carefully.
4.2.2 Listen and act
These activities relate to a method of teaching called Total Physical Response， which concentrates on learning language by listening and responding physical to commands or directions. Here is an example:
“Beginning TPR
Procedure:
(1.) Have two students positioned to two chairs.
Commands supporting vocabulary
Stand up fast
slowly
Sit down table chair
Walk
head stomach
Stop
door blackboard
Turn around
Touch
(2)pick two other students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom--- such as book， pencil， paper， desk， floor， teacher—and add to the commands put， place， scratch..
(3)use the following type of commands repeatedly in random order， rotating pairs of students from time to time， until you can see that all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.
For example:
Put the pencil on the book.
Scratch your head.
Scratch your stomach.
Put the paper in the box.
Put your hand on your head.
Place the box on the teacher’s head.
Scratch your head and stomach. ” [10] (p11)
4.2.3 Listen and draw
This is similar to acting out physically， but in this type， the students are drawing picture， diagrams on paper. “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” [11] (p90) One example: one student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English .Neither partner can look at each other’s drawing during the task. After they have completed the task， they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.
Other way: according to last example.
“Introduce the word draw. This opens up a rich network of things you can ask your students to do. Start very simply with the familiar items that the students have already internalized through TPR.
For example:
Draw a table
Draw a chair
Draw a hand
Draw a box
Draw a hand on a door
Draw a window and a hand and book. ”[12] (p11) 4.3 post --- listening activity
Post--- listening， teachers can determine how well the students have understood what they listened to， but it is important to design the tasks well. “One important point to keep in mind is whether we are testing the students’ listening comprehension or their memory. In fact， in real life， listener can remember the gist of the conversation， but cannot remember exactly what words were said. It is more natural to select and interpret what we hear rather than repeat everything we have heard.” [13] ( p187) .Here are some types of post—listening activity: multiple choice questions， answering questions， note-taking， gap—filling and dictogloss.
“It is important to remember when designing activities not to demand that students remember more details the native-speaker would in a real life， because we do not want our students to get into the habit of thinking that they need to understand and remember.” [14] ( p117)
5. Conclusion
As teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students. “These successes have encouraged teachers to persevere in their efforts to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” [15] ( p290-297)
During the exercitation in middle school， in fact， teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology. Main practice on listening is just about the textbook. For example， GO FOR IT， the book has a small part for training listening. but the listening teaching is limited. It must add some activities. In the listening activities， according to the certain purpose， it can choose different skills: listen and act， listen and draw， and so on. These types of activities can be designed into games， which are popular for students.
Bibliography
1. Ren Xiaoping . Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2001 . p1-2
2. 戴煒凍 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English [Z].上海: 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 p22
3. Liu Yangchun . How to increase students’ listening comprehension [J].開(kāi)封教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，1996.10. p1-2
4. Zhang Qi . Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J]. 云南教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，1996.10. p1
5. Zhao Jianqun . Introducing an interactive component into listening instruction [J].曲靖師專學(xué)報(bào)，1993.3. p10
6. William Littlewood .Communicative Language Teaching. [M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000.6. p67-68
7. Jeremy Harmer. How to teach English [M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000.8. p100
8. 王薔 A course in English language teaching [Z].上海:高等教育出版社，2002.5. p86
9. 同2. p11
10. 同 1. p11
11. 同8. p90
12. 同 1 p11
13. 朱純 外語(yǔ)教育心理學(xué) [Z].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版，1998.3. p187
1．學(xué)生來(lái)源廣、層次多、基礎(chǔ)差，積極性低，自信心不足。
由于高職高專院校自身的特殊性，學(xué)校的生源一般較為廣泛，學(xué)生的層次水平基本上是高低不齊，英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)總體來(lái)看也非常薄弱，這是目前此類院校大多存在的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況。中學(xué)時(shí)期，英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力僅占15分(滿分100分)，學(xué)生基本上都是以考試為目的的學(xué)習(xí)，甚至有的學(xué)生因不想學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W習(xí)困難而放棄聽(tīng)力這一部分，致使學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)非常差，對(duì)于相關(guān)聽(tīng)力技巧的掌握和課堂習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng)也是一片空白?，F(xiàn)階段，對(duì)于高職高專院校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的學(xué)生而言，聽(tīng)力是一門(mén)必修的專業(yè)課程，更是將來(lái)步入社會(huì)尋求工作必備的一項(xiàng)技能。可見(jiàn)，從以考試為目的到以能力為目的，從根本不重視到高度重視，這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)大的轉(zhuǎn)變，在這種情況下，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)積極性差、缺乏自信等現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)也就不足為怪，而學(xué)生的此類表現(xiàn)給正常的英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)開(kāi)展帶來(lái)了較大阻礙。
2．英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力課程的專業(yè)教材選用困難，課時(shí)安排稍顯不足。
按照高職高專師范類院校的專業(yè)課程設(shè)置，我校在考察學(xué)生接受能力的基礎(chǔ)上，先后選用了《英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力》《聽(tīng)力教程》等聽(tīng)力教材。經(jīng)過(guò)不斷調(diào)試，我們最終選定了適合我校的兩本教材，即:A類學(xué)生采用《致用英語(yǔ)》;B類學(xué)生采用《新大學(xué)英語(yǔ)視聽(tīng)說(shuō)教程》。盡管我校選用了這兩本教材，但是在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多教材內(nèi)容缺少針對(duì)性、真實(shí)性和實(shí)用性，無(wú)法體現(xiàn)新的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象和變化，而且目前還沒(méi)有可供高職高專英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)選用的專門(mén)教材。另外，課時(shí)安排太少，時(shí)間太短，不能達(dá)到理想的學(xué)習(xí)效果，例如我校根據(jù)入學(xué)時(shí)不同的學(xué)習(xí)水平，按層次將學(xué)生分為A類(初中畢業(yè)起點(diǎn))和B類(高中畢業(yè)起點(diǎn))，A類學(xué)生在校5年，聽(tīng)力課程設(shè)置為9個(gè)學(xué)期，每周2課時(shí);B類學(xué)生在校3年，聽(tīng)力課程設(shè)置為5個(gè)學(xué)期，每周2課時(shí)。按照現(xiàn)階段的教學(xué)大綱和學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力習(xí)慣和學(xué)習(xí)方法會(huì)占用大量的課堂教學(xué)時(shí)間，所以每周2個(gè)課時(shí)的安排會(huì)稍顯不足。
3．教師的教學(xué)手段單一。
高職高專院校教師的教學(xué)水平層次差異較大，能夠外出學(xué)習(xí)交流的機(jī)會(huì)較少，對(duì)于素質(zhì)教育背景下的全新教學(xué)模式接觸也較少，因而教師們?nèi)耘f采用固有的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式，進(jìn)行填鴨式的教學(xué)，學(xué)生只會(huì)死板地接受教師設(shè)定好的各項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容，不會(huì)自我安排學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間、學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容和學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度。通常情況下，在幾個(gè)學(xué)期的聽(tīng)力課教學(xué)之后，會(huì)有部分學(xué)生達(dá)不到《教學(xué)大綱》所提出的要求，教學(xué)效果不夠明顯。在實(shí)際的教學(xué)過(guò)程中，教師為了完成教學(xué)任務(wù)而講授，與學(xué)生之間的互動(dòng)交流缺乏，也不能夠引導(dǎo)學(xué)生與學(xué)生之間進(jìn)行有效的學(xué)習(xí)交流，致使學(xué)生在課堂上時(shí)常是不愿意聽(tīng)課、昏昏欲睡，這些不良現(xiàn)象充分說(shuō)明高職高專英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生對(duì)于聽(tīng)力學(xué)習(xí)的參與意識(shí)和參與積極性都非常低，對(duì)于教學(xué)效果的影響十分明顯。
二、高職高專院校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)改革的相關(guān)建議
在英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)習(xí)階段，關(guān)鍵是要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生憑借聽(tīng)覺(jué)獲取語(yǔ)言信息的意識(shí)和能力。如今，課堂教學(xué)正在如火如荼地進(jìn)行改革，我校的聽(tīng)力教師也一直在進(jìn)行積極的探索和研究。結(jié)合近年來(lái)高職高專英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)的研究與實(shí)踐成果，筆者認(rèn)為新時(shí)期我們應(yīng)徹底改變傳統(tǒng)的應(yīng)試教育理念和教育模式，轉(zhuǎn)向大力提倡以學(xué)生為中心、課堂為陣地、交際為目的的全新的英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力自主學(xué)習(xí)模式。
1．重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的語(yǔ)音面貌，加強(qiáng)對(duì)英美文化的深度了解。
我們常說(shuō)萬(wàn)丈高樓平地起，而英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)恰恰就是英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力這座高樓建起之前的那片平地。教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，語(yǔ)音基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)薄弱的學(xué)生對(duì)于近音詞的辨別非常困難，而且是時(shí)常混淆，對(duì)于語(yǔ)句中的語(yǔ)音變化也不能夠正確辨別，想要聽(tīng)懂整篇文章也就無(wú)從談起。有句話說(shuō)得好，基礎(chǔ)不牢，地動(dòng)山搖。因此，在日常的課堂教學(xué)過(guò)程中，尤其是在學(xué)生入學(xué)的初始階段，我校嚴(yán)格要求全體英語(yǔ)教師，首先了解學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)水平和學(xué)習(xí)能力，然后再根據(jù)教學(xué)目標(biāo)、教學(xué)要求和教學(xué)內(nèi)容，有計(jì)劃、有步驟地提高學(xué)生的語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)、詞匯、句型、句法等英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，特別是注重引導(dǎo)學(xué)生認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)掌握音標(biāo)，有針對(duì)性地指導(dǎo)學(xué)生形成規(guī)范的語(yǔ)音面貌。要想真正提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力水平，除了需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握足夠的、專業(yè)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，還需要幫助學(xué)生提高英美文化知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備數(shù)量和能力。在日常的聽(tīng)力教學(xué)過(guò)程中，我校教師通過(guò)文化短片、英文小故事等方式，逐步向?qū)W生滲透一些英美國(guó)家的文化教育思想和背景知識(shí)，主要包括國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政治文化、民族的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等等，一方面豐富了學(xué)生的英美文化基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，另一方面激發(fā)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的興趣，隨著學(xué)生文化知識(shí)積累的增加和學(xué)習(xí)興趣的增強(qiáng)，聽(tīng)力課堂的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍會(huì)越來(lái)越好，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效率和學(xué)習(xí)能力會(huì)越來(lái)越高，教師的教學(xué)熱情和教學(xué)動(dòng)力也會(huì)越來(lái)越強(qiáng)，最終形成教師和學(xué)生聽(tīng)力理解能力雙提高的良好局面。
2．努力轉(zhuǎn)變聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)理念，切實(shí)加強(qiáng)聽(tīng)力策略與技巧培養(yǎng)。
現(xiàn)階段，要努力轉(zhuǎn)變聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)理念，必須做到四個(gè)堅(jiān)持:一是堅(jiān)持認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)與聽(tīng)力課程改革、聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)改革等相關(guān)的課改理論知識(shí)，并加以理解運(yùn)用;二是堅(jiān)持準(zhǔn)確把握所教學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)需求、學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)、學(xué)習(xí)水平及學(xué)習(xí)能力，以便有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行備課和上課;三是堅(jiān)持注重聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)與課外實(shí)踐的銜接，在運(yùn)用聽(tīng)力理論知識(shí)指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的同時(shí)，通過(guò)語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)認(rèn)真檢驗(yàn)聽(tīng)力理論知識(shí)的正確性，實(shí)現(xiàn)二者之間的相互促進(jìn);四是堅(jiān)持以學(xué)生為中心、以任務(wù)為載體的聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)，讓學(xué)生以參與者、體驗(yàn)者、交流者、合作者的身份去學(xué)習(xí)，要求學(xué)生完成一定的目標(biāo)任務(wù)，積極地與師生進(jìn)行交流，提高英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力理解能力，從而營(yíng)造輕松、愉快的良好課堂教學(xué)氛圍。在加強(qiáng)學(xué)生聽(tīng)力技巧培養(yǎng)方面，著重于四種能力:一是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的快速定位能力，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)材料中的一些重要線索，快速找準(zhǔn)聽(tīng)力材料所要表達(dá)的主旨大意。二是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的捕捉信息能力，在聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生盡力排除各種多余信息的干擾，找出材料中的關(guān)鍵詞與信息點(diǎn)，提高聽(tīng)力理解效率。三是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聯(lián)想預(yù)測(cè)能力，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)已獲取材料的主要內(nèi)容和重要信息點(diǎn)進(jìn)行聯(lián)想，逐步預(yù)測(cè)出聽(tīng)力材料內(nèi)容的下文。四是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的邏輯推理能力，鑒于英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)的特殊性，可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生模仿材料中講話者的語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)調(diào)進(jìn)行講話，從中感受和體會(huì)材料中講話者的態(tài)度，結(jié)合已捕捉的關(guān)鍵詞和重要信息點(diǎn)，把握材料整體的主旨大意，并在此基礎(chǔ)上推斷出聽(tīng)力材料描述的主要事情、發(fā)生原因、發(fā)展過(guò)程、最終過(guò)程及講話者的身份等等，這樣，學(xué)生就可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)準(zhǔn)確地、快速地把握整篇聽(tīng)力材料的全部?jī)?nèi)容。
3．合理選用聽(tīng)力題材與教學(xué)手段，增強(qiáng)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)的豐富性、真實(shí)性與實(shí)用性。
(1)選用豐富、真實(shí)且具有普遍性的聽(tīng)力題材，既要貼近學(xué)生生活，又能緊跟時(shí)代步伐。如選用與政治制度、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、文化建設(shè)、影視時(shí)尚和社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)等相關(guān)的聽(tīng)力材料，可以讓學(xué)生及時(shí)了解現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)發(fā)展的最新動(dòng)態(tài)，豐富課外知識(shí)，積累聽(tīng)力素材，消除聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中對(duì)聽(tīng)力題材和聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容的陌生感，便于學(xué)生快速進(jìn)入良好的聽(tīng)力狀態(tài)。
(2)堅(jiān)持課上與課下、教師講授與學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)、理論學(xué)習(xí)與語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的教學(xué)理念。在課堂上，教師利用少部分時(shí)間對(duì)聽(tīng)力策略與技巧等相關(guān)專業(yè)理論知識(shí)進(jìn)行講解，其余時(shí)間交予學(xué)生，由學(xué)生對(duì)已講授的理論知識(shí)進(jìn)行消化、吸收，或者自主學(xué)習(xí)，或者小組學(xué)習(xí)，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中學(xué)生如若遇到難點(diǎn)與問(wèn)題，教師可以當(dāng)堂解答，并通過(guò)創(chuàng)設(shè)一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，幫助學(xué)生對(duì)該難點(diǎn)所涉及的相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)、深入理解。在課堂外，要鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極參加類似于英文講座、英文演講比賽、英文辯論賽等各種活動(dòng)，不斷培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在當(dāng)前社會(huì)環(huán)境下的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)合作意識(shí)，激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)于聽(tīng)力課程及其他與英語(yǔ)相關(guān)課程的濃厚興趣。
(3)采用生動(dòng)活潑、聲像并茂的多媒體開(kāi)展教學(xué)，要做到“兩個(gè)注重”:一是注重語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)與學(xué)生興趣、所學(xué)專業(yè)、就業(yè)方向相結(jié)合，有助于調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用聽(tīng)力知識(shí)的主動(dòng)性和積極性;二是注重音樂(lè)、詩(shī)歌等藝術(shù)的調(diào)節(jié)作用，營(yíng)造輕松愉快的學(xué)習(xí)氣氛，讓學(xué)生能夠適應(yīng)風(fēng)格各異的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式，也能夠得到全方位、多層面的英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力技能訓(xùn)練。在多媒體教學(xué)過(guò)程中，教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代化手段進(jìn)行自我技能測(cè)試，也可以為學(xué)生提供豐富多彩的聽(tīng)力學(xué)習(xí)資源，拓寬學(xué)生聽(tīng)力學(xué)習(xí)的渠道。
4．幫助學(xué)生突破聽(tīng)力學(xué)習(xí)障礙，樹(shù)立自信，提高聽(tīng)力水平。
無(wú)論做什么事情，我們都需要具備良好的精神狀態(tài)和心理素質(zhì)，英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的學(xué)習(xí)也不例外。據(jù)了解，有很多學(xué)生在剛開(kāi)始面對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的時(shí)候，就給予自身一些消極不利的心理暗示，總是認(rèn)為自己對(duì)眼前的聽(tīng)力材料沒(méi)有把握，只能讓自己處于缺乏信心、過(guò)度緊張的狀態(tài)，想聽(tīng)懂的欲望很強(qiáng)烈，但是聽(tīng)不懂的挫敗感更為強(qiáng)烈，結(jié)果就是處于得過(guò)且過(guò)、永遠(yuǎn)落后的狀態(tài)。面對(duì)此種情況，我們的教師首先要幫助學(xué)生穩(wěn)定心態(tài)，告訴學(xué)生材料的細(xì)節(jié)部分固然重要，但并不是每個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都重要，因此沒(méi)有必要過(guò)分注意每一個(gè)語(yǔ)言和細(xì)節(jié)，而是應(yīng)該將注意力集中在材料所要表達(dá)的主旨大意和主要內(nèi)容兩個(gè)方面。在聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中，有些過(guò)于執(zhí)著的學(xué)生總是將注意力集中于已聽(tīng)過(guò)的那部分材料，卻忽視了正在播放的這部分材料，教師應(yīng)該及時(shí)提醒學(xué)生注意正在播放的材料內(nèi)容。另外，要注意選擇一些與學(xué)生的日常學(xué)習(xí)生活、身邊環(huán)境、未來(lái)就業(yè)等密切相關(guān)且難易適當(dāng)?shù)穆?tīng)力題材，能夠讓學(xué)生意識(shí)到聽(tīng)力課程簡(jiǎn)單易學(xué)，有效激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)于聽(tīng)力課程的學(xué)習(xí)欲望，逐步幫助學(xué)生克服聽(tīng)力學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中的各種心理障礙。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
關(guān)鍵詞：圖式理論聽(tīng)力理解聽(tīng)力教學(xué)
一、圖式理論
圖式理論是認(rèn)知心理語(yǔ)言家們用以解釋理解心理過(guò)程的一種理論。最早由著名哲學(xué)家康德于1781年提出。20世紀(jì)30年代初，英國(guó)心理學(xué)家巴特利特應(yīng)用并發(fā)展了圖式概念。所謂“圖式”是指每個(gè)人過(guò)去獲得的知識(shí)在頭腦中儲(chǔ)存的方式；是大腦對(duì)過(guò)去經(jīng)驗(yàn)的反映或積極組織；是被學(xué)習(xí)者儲(chǔ)存在記憶中的信息對(duì)新信息起作用的過(guò)程；是怎樣把這些新信息豐富到學(xué)習(xí)者知識(shí)庫(kù)中的過(guò)程。大量的認(rèn)知理論證明，圖式是認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ)，人們?cè)诶斫狻⑽?、輸入信息時(shí)，需要將輸入信息與已知信息（即圖式）聯(lián)系起來(lái)。對(duì)新輸入信息的解碼、編碼都依賴于人腦中已存的信息圖式、框架或網(wǎng)絡(luò)。輸入信息必須與這些圖式相匹配，圖式才能起作用，完成信息處理的系列過(guò)程，即從信息的接受、解碼、重組到儲(chǔ)存。
二、聽(tīng)力理解與聽(tīng)力理解過(guò)程
語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Widdowson指出，聽(tīng)力理解包含兩層意思，一是聽(tīng)懂說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，聽(tīng)到并接受相關(guān)語(yǔ)音及語(yǔ)法的信號(hào)系統(tǒng)所組成的句子，這種理解僅限于理解句子的字面意義；二是從語(yǔ)言的功用來(lái)理解，即除理解字面意義外，還得理解所聽(tīng)到的說(shuō)話的交際動(dòng)能，這樣的活動(dòng)可以稱之為聽(tīng)力理解?！奥?tīng)力理解過(guò)程決不是一種單純的語(yǔ)言信息解碼過(guò)程，而是一種解碼過(guò)程與意義再構(gòu)建的結(jié)合?！币簿褪钦f(shuō)，聽(tīng)力理解過(guò)程決不僅僅是聽(tīng)者在詞匯、句法、語(yǔ)義層面上對(duì)所得到的語(yǔ)言信息進(jìn)行加工的過(guò)程，還是聽(tīng)者根據(jù)語(yǔ)言理解加工過(guò)的信息，在記憶中搜尋與之相關(guān)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和背景知識(shí)并加以運(yùn)用，對(duì)話語(yǔ)信息進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)、假設(shè)、推斷和得出結(jié)論的過(guò)程，是語(yǔ)言理解和問(wèn)題解決的過(guò)程。
三、聽(tīng)力理解模式
聽(tīng)力理解包括“自下而上”、“自上而下”和“交互”三種模式?！白韵露稀钡穆?tīng)力理解模式是指聽(tīng)者在詞匯、句法、語(yǔ)法層面上對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料進(jìn)行加工、處理和解析來(lái)確定單詞、句子或篇章的意思?！白陨隙隆钡穆?tīng)力理解模式是指聽(tīng)者運(yùn)用與話題相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)對(duì)所聽(tīng)信息進(jìn)行推測(cè)或假設(shè)以及對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)或假設(shè)的確認(rèn)。“交互”的聽(tīng)力理解模式是指“自下而上”和“自上而下”的理解模式交替使用的聽(tīng)力理解模式。
四、圖式理論對(duì)聽(tīng)力理解的作用
聽(tīng)力理解是一個(gè)將頭腦中的圖式與接收信息聯(lián)系起來(lái)的過(guò)程，因此圖式在聽(tīng)力理解中有著十分重要的作用?？偟膩?lái)講，圖式有利于加強(qiáng)對(duì)聽(tīng)力資料的理解。
1.圖式有助于聽(tīng)者對(duì)上下文的預(yù)測(cè)。預(yù)測(cè)能力是聽(tīng)力理解的重要技巧，是聽(tīng)者根據(jù)背景知識(shí)預(yù)知和上下文推測(cè)說(shuō)者意圖的活動(dòng)。學(xué)生從所給的文字材料中找出微觀背景知識(shí)，建立信息框架，弄清所聽(tīng)文章的類型、結(jié)構(gòu)和大意，就能激活相關(guān)的背景知識(shí)。當(dāng)聽(tīng)者的圖式被具體的聽(tīng)力材料激活時(shí)，就可以有效的預(yù)測(cè)出所聽(tīng)材料接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容。
2.圖式有助于克服心理焦慮。有些高職學(xué)生在聽(tīng)力理解過(guò)程中一遇到生詞或不理解的句子就煩躁不安，有些學(xué)生甚至還沒(méi)開(kāi)始聽(tīng)就產(chǎn)生了畏難情緒。這種焦慮情緒無(wú)形中阻礙了信息的輸入，降低了信息加工的有效性，從而影響了對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的理解。因此降低聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中的焦慮感有助于提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力水平。圖式為學(xué)生理解聽(tīng)力材料提供了心理框架，使其處于一種積極的準(zhǔn)備狀態(tài)中，焦慮情緒自然就得到了緩解。不少學(xué)生表示，如果教師在聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練前對(duì)將要聽(tīng)到的材料作相關(guān)的背景介紹，他們則會(huì)感覺(jué)心中有數(shù)，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中，能更能專注于重要的信息。這是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生所具備的相關(guān)圖式越多，就越能在聽(tīng)力過(guò)程中控制好自己的情緒，從整體上把握語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)的信息，不會(huì)因未聽(tīng)懂個(gè)別生詞而感到緊張、焦慮。
五、圖式理論在聽(tīng)力教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用
圖式理論對(duì)提高高職學(xué)生聽(tīng)力水平有重要的促進(jìn)作用，教師要注意引導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練學(xué)生正確運(yùn)用圖式理論。
1.圖式的激活與建立。高職學(xué)生英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)薄弱。教師要耐心地、有意識(shí)地在聽(tīng)力教學(xué)過(guò)程中幫助學(xué)生激活已有圖式、構(gòu)建新圖式。圖式通常被分為兩類：形式圖式和內(nèi)容圖式。
形式圖式是語(yǔ)言知識(shí)及運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，它是聽(tīng)力理解的前提和先決條件，主要包括聽(tīng)者對(duì)詞匯、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的掌握和使用能力。有了這種圖式，學(xué)生就可以比較順利地應(yīng)用它瀏覽聽(tīng)力材料的練習(xí)，根據(jù)問(wèn)題和選項(xiàng)對(duì)文章大致內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。高職學(xué)生英語(yǔ)詞匯量小，語(yǔ)法知識(shí)支離破碎，聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練前教師要幫助學(xué)生回憶其已掌握的單詞、句型，補(bǔ)充可能遇到的新單詞、句型，并對(duì)相關(guān)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行講解。間接降低聽(tīng)力材料的語(yǔ)言難度，使學(xué)生有信心聽(tīng)懂材料的內(nèi)容。
內(nèi)容圖式指關(guān)于語(yǔ)篇的文化背景知識(shí)。語(yǔ)言理解在很大程度上是由語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者所具有的文化背景知識(shí)決定的。而大部分高職學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)文化背景知識(shí)缺乏了解。因此，在教學(xué)中，經(jīng)常有學(xué)生反映能聽(tīng)懂一段話中的每一個(gè)句子，但卻不理解整段話的意思，或理解上有偏差。
2.圖式理論指導(dǎo)下的課堂教學(xué)模式。以圖式理論為基礎(chǔ)，Underwood提出了三段式聽(tīng)力課堂教學(xué)模式，即聽(tīng)前階段，聽(tīng)力理解階段和聽(tīng)后階段。
聽(tīng)前階段主要是教學(xué)詞匯和激活與聽(tīng)力材料相關(guān)的圖式。通常采用視聽(tīng)手段，利用圖片、照片、幻燈、多媒體等形式，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生討論有關(guān)內(nèi)容，并提出一些問(wèn)題讓學(xué)生回答，掃清語(yǔ)言和文化障礙。聽(tīng)前階段的主要任務(wù)是激發(fā)興趣和欲望、熟悉話題、預(yù)測(cè)大意等。
聽(tīng)力理解階段，教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生一方面運(yùn)用自上而下的信息處理方式對(duì)材料進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)，推理，掌握文章大意；另一方面運(yùn)用自下而上的方式抓住關(guān)鍵詞句，進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)的聽(tīng)辨。
聽(tīng)后階段，教師可以讓學(xué)生對(duì)聽(tīng)過(guò)的材料進(jìn)行討論、角色扮演、口筆頭轉(zhuǎn)述所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容、寫(xiě)梗概等，以鞏固他們?cè)诖竽X中建立的新圖式。
英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力方面的長(zhǎng)進(jìn)會(huì)促進(jìn)閱讀、寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的提高，因此聽(tīng)力教學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)至關(guān)重要。把圖式理論引進(jìn)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)，使得它有序和有效地進(jìn)行，對(duì)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)有效進(jìn)行是一種有益的嘗試。圖式理論的運(yùn)用，改變了教師和學(xué)生對(duì)以往聽(tīng)力理解的傳統(tǒng)觀念，為英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)帶來(lái)了新思路和新方法。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]Widdowson,H.G．TeachingEnglishasCommunication．Oxford：OxfordUniversityPress,1978．
[2]豐玉芳．圖式理論與英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力理解[J]．江蘇外語(yǔ)教學(xué)研究，2001，(1).
[3]郭艷英，高瑋．圖式理論對(duì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)的促進(jìn)作用[J]．長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2007，(2)．
[4]胡春洞．英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1990．
[5]李宏然．圖式理論指導(dǎo)下的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力教學(xué)[J]．職教與經(jīng)濟(jì)研究，2007，(2)．
[6]劉冬陽(yáng)．高職高專學(xué)生英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力障礙分析及應(yīng)對(duì)策略[J]．河南工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2007，(4)．
聽(tīng)力可以說(shuō)是我們中國(guó)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的最大障礙.我問(wèn)過(guò)很多順利通過(guò)六級(jí)考試的本科生,聽(tīng)力部分能真正聽(tīng)懂的實(shí)在是寥寥無(wú)幾.很多人都是根據(jù)聽(tīng)懂的只言片語(yǔ),再利用推理,排除一些的考試策略選擇答案的.(國(guó)內(nèi)有些聽(tīng)力教材還提出了只看答案就能選出正確答案的系統(tǒng) "理論".)這樣做考試是有可能通過(guò)的,但實(shí)際掌握,運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力就只有自己知道了.
在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi),我所選的聽(tīng)力資料將會(huì)是VOA的Special級(jí)別的慢速英語(yǔ).這主要是出于兩個(gè)目的:一是打好基本功;二是從慢速英語(yǔ)入手是科學(xué)的方法,是實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力突破的有效途徑.
先說(shuō)第一點(diǎn).
關(guān)于聽(tīng)力基本功的認(rèn)識(shí)問(wèn)題我建議大家去買一本鐘道隆編的<<逆向法巧學(xué)英語(yǔ)>>一書(shū)仔細(xì)看看,里面很多道理也說(shuō)的很清楚了.我這里只想以我的親身體驗(yàn) "斬釘截鐵"的告訴大家:開(kāi)始 "真正"練習(xí)聽(tīng)力的時(shí)候(我這里所提到的 "真正" 不是指那些考試技巧,而是發(fā)自內(nèi)心的想要掌握,運(yùn)用,享受英語(yǔ)的源動(dòng)力),千萬(wàn)不可操之過(guò)急,一開(kāi)始就去聽(tīng)那些原版的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)速度的聽(tīng)力資料,一方面這樣的方法極不科學(xué);另一方面也會(huì)給自己剛剛培養(yǎng)起來(lái)的自信心帶來(lái)巨大的重創(chuàng).十有八九(也可以說(shuō)是所有的人)都會(huì)很快放棄的.我自己當(dāng)初也是這樣,感覺(jué)簡(jiǎn)直是在聽(tīng)天書(shū),十幾分鐘的錄音下來(lái)能夠把Topic聽(tīng)準(zhǔn)確已經(jīng)是很不錯(cuò)了,當(dāng)中的細(xì)節(jié)部分根本沒(méi)有時(shí)間反應(yīng)就一閃而過(guò)了.這種過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)直就是一種 "煎熬". 當(dāng)然也有少數(shù)意志力驚人的朋友堅(jiān)持了下來(lái),但是由于方法的失策,造成自己把大量的時(shí)間精力(有時(shí)可以說(shuō)是青春)投入其中,可是回報(bào)卻難以和付出平衡,收效甚微.說(shuō)到這兒叫我想起以前我們有一位上外的聽(tīng)力老師講的真人真事:一位研究生深知自己聽(tīng)力不過(guò)關(guān),決心發(fā)奮苦讀.于是他每天早上都堅(jiān)持聽(tīng)廣播電臺(tái)里的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ),這樣一聽(tīng)就是五年的時(shí)間.這種苦行僧似的磨煉并沒(méi)有使他的聽(tīng)力水平真正得以提高.后來(lái)我們這位老師在了解了他的情況以后,告訴他之所以到現(xiàn)在他的聽(tīng)力還未真正突破最主要的原因就是他的基礎(chǔ)沒(méi)有打好,總是泛泛而聽(tīng),而且總是聽(tīng)些已經(jīng)有中文背景知識(shí)的廣播,就會(huì)造成一種錯(cuò)覺(jué),好象什么都聽(tīng)懂了,又好象什么也沒(méi)聽(tīng)懂.大意能夠抓住(其實(shí)是有背景知識(shí)的原故),真正精確到每一句話,每一個(gè)單詞卻總是丟三落四的,不能準(zhǔn)確的傳情達(dá)意.這種沙上建塔的 "辛勞"永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)建成堅(jiān)固的大廈,而總是在進(jìn)行建了倒下,倒下了再建的重復(fù)勞動(dòng).
再說(shuō)第二點(diǎn).
從慢速英語(yǔ)入手是真正科學(xué)的聽(tīng)力突破方法.而且在我自己的實(shí)踐過(guò)程中摸索出一些聽(tīng)力帶動(dòng)口語(yǔ),鍛煉口譯的好方法.下面我想結(jié)合我給大家提供的聽(tīng)力資料具體談一談練習(xí)的方法:
1.下載完相關(guān)的聽(tīng)力資料后,用realplayer G2進(jìn)行播放,我這里暫時(shí)不想給大家提供原文,尤其對(duì)那些本來(lái)就很清晰的聽(tīng)力資料.(不是很清楚的資料我回加入原文的),這主要是希望大家不要依賴原文,自己一定要一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞的完全聽(tīng)懂.有的同學(xué)說(shuō)我有那么幾個(gè)單詞實(shí)在聽(tīng)不懂怎么辦?大家想一想,慢速英語(yǔ)的單詞量是1500到2000,也就是說(shuō)一個(gè)比較好的高中生的單詞量已經(jīng)超過(guò)了許多,更何況四六級(jí)都已通過(guò)的你.聽(tīng)不懂的唯一原因絕對(duì)不是生詞的問(wèn)題,(這種問(wèn)題只有在聽(tīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候才會(huì)產(chǎn)生,以后我會(huì)和大家專門(mén)討論的)只能是你對(duì)這個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音極其陌生,大腦根本沒(méi)有反映.如果讓你看一看原文,你會(huì)不屑一顧的.但在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候卻不知所云.起初我練習(xí)的時(shí)候有時(shí)為了一個(gè)單詞可以想上正正一天,嘴里老是念道著這個(gè)單詞的發(fā)音.我知道這個(gè)單詞我一定認(rèn)識(shí),直到某一刻恍然大悟:咳!不就是這么簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)單詞嘛!這時(shí)我總是猛拍自己的腦袋罵道 "真是愚蠢".:-) 當(dāng)然如果有些同學(xué)說(shuō)這段錄音我已經(jīng)聽(tīng)了十遍了,當(dāng)中的幾個(gè)單詞你就是打死我我也聽(tīng)不出來(lái).如果真的到了這個(gè)地步,你可以把你的問(wèn)題發(fā)表在世博英語(yǔ)論壇里,我會(huì)告訴你答案的.
2.接下來(lái)要做的就是要保證這一段錄音你是完完全全的聽(tīng)懂了.什么是完完全全的聽(tīng)懂了呢?就是每聽(tīng)完一句話,你都能準(zhǔn)確的復(fù)述出來(lái),包括每一個(gè)單詞.這里在語(yǔ)音上不是很好的朋友要注意了,由于是慢速英語(yǔ),所以只要你
著名教育家杜威非?？粗貙W(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)，認(rèn)為它是教育的起點(diǎn)，是教育的途徑，而學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的獲得和持續(xù)改造則是教育的目的。教育必須依據(jù)學(xué)生現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行，如果不顧這種現(xiàn)實(shí)存在的特點(diǎn)，教育的過(guò)程和結(jié)果都將會(huì)受到限制。當(dāng)然，教育也不能僅僅滿足于學(xué)生現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平，還要推動(dòng)學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)向高水平發(fā)展。學(xué)生知識(shí)的獲得必須經(jīng)過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的橋梁，沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，沒(méi)有“嘗試”和“做”的結(jié)合，學(xué)生不可能真正領(lǐng)會(huì)事物及事物之間的關(guān)系。聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生因?yàn)槁?tīng)覺(jué)受限，失去了將近1/3的信息來(lái)源，抽象思維較為薄弱，而學(xué)科知識(shí)又是概括化、抽象化了的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這種抽象化了的學(xué)科經(jīng)驗(yàn)與他們現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)相差甚遠(yuǎn)，要使他們自己通過(guò)直接的智慧力量獲取知識(shí)十分困難。教師最關(guān)鍵的任務(wù)就是引導(dǎo)他們把直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)與用符號(hào)表示的學(xué)科知識(shí)聯(lián)系起來(lái)，此時(shí)現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平就顯得十分重要了。
二、聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的特點(diǎn)
聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與普通學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有著諸多差別：
1.個(gè)人社會(huì)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)不同
從生活經(jīng)歷來(lái)看，絕大多數(shù)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生在學(xué)齡前就喪失了聽(tīng)力，家長(zhǎng)對(duì)其往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生內(nèi)疚和憐憫之心，從而對(duì)其倍加保護(hù)，讓其平時(shí)盡量減少與普通小孩子的接觸，生怕其受到歧視和欺侮。到了受教育的年齡，家長(zhǎng)就把他們送入特殊學(xué)校接受教育。而目前在聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的早期教育中，幾乎所有特殊學(xué)校都是封閉式管理，不準(zhǔn)他們隨便進(jìn)出校門(mén)。雖然這種做法是為了更好地保護(hù)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的安全，但也在一定程度上地阻礙了聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生與社會(huì)的溝通交流，造成他們?nèi)鄙賯€(gè)人社會(huì)生活的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在普通人看來(lái)是司空見(jiàn)慣的事，可能對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是新生的事物。
2.前備知識(shí)不同聽(tīng)力障礙
學(xué)生幼小失聰后，由于語(yǔ)言交流存在困難，家長(zhǎng)很少對(duì)其進(jìn)行家庭教育，教育主要由特殊學(xué)校來(lái)實(shí)施。而對(duì)各個(gè)特殊學(xué)校的調(diào)查結(jié)果表明，聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的文化水平明顯落后于普通學(xué)生。有一項(xiàng)報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)：20歲的聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生在閱讀理解能力上的測(cè)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相當(dāng)于小學(xué)五年級(jí)水平，其平均花三年時(shí)間才能取得普通學(xué)生一年的進(jìn)步；就學(xué)業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生與同齡普通學(xué)生相差5年左右。
3.知識(shí)表達(dá)方式
解讀不同與聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生交流主要是通過(guò)手語(yǔ)，而手語(yǔ)的地域性差異大、詞匯量少、過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單，不像書(shū)面語(yǔ)那樣穩(wěn)定，特別是對(duì)一些抽象概念的表述，手語(yǔ)常常會(huì)使接受者產(chǎn)生理解上的偏差甚至錯(cuò)誤。
三、美術(shù)課堂教學(xué)中利用與提升聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的策略
由于教師在生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、知識(shí)積累、理解能力等方面與學(xué)生有明顯的差異，學(xué)生對(duì)許多知識(shí)的理解往往會(huì)與教師的理解有偏差。教師在教學(xué)活動(dòng)中不能以自身的經(jīng)驗(yàn)為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，而要以學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對(duì)于如何在實(shí)踐教學(xué)中把握學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)，筆者在平時(shí)的美術(shù)教學(xué)中的體會(huì)是：首先要充分了解學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)，然后找出其經(jīng)驗(yàn)特征。
1.聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的獲取途徑
其一，從平時(shí)的課堂中及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)特征。教師在課堂中要特別注意觀察聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的表情，他們往往不會(huì)對(duì)不懂的問(wèn)題馬上主動(dòng)地提出疑問(wèn)，但是一旦被疑問(wèn)卡住了，接下來(lái)就很難專注地繼續(xù)聽(tīng)講，他們對(duì)問(wèn)題的自我消化能力很弱。如，教師在課堂上講解裝飾畫(huà)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，在說(shuō)到“點(diǎn)綴的作用”時(shí)，聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生就不知道“點(diǎn)綴”這個(gè)詞的意思，所以對(duì)后面的講解內(nèi)容不感興趣。這種情況如果出現(xiàn)在普通學(xué)生的課堂上，根本不會(huì)對(duì)普通學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生阻礙，因?yàn)槠胀▽W(xué)生會(huì)通過(guò)后面教師講課的內(nèi)容自己領(lǐng)悟“點(diǎn)綴”這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的意思。在聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生課堂中，教師要時(shí)刻關(guān)注他們的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)，通過(guò)細(xì)致的觀察及時(shí)掌握他們現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平。
其二，從作業(yè)或練習(xí)中分析研究聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)特征。聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生在課堂上對(duì)某些知識(shí)點(diǎn)表面上看似已經(jīng)掌握了，當(dāng)教師問(wèn)大家有沒(méi)有掌握時(shí)，他們都會(huì)點(diǎn)頭示意會(huì)了。其實(shí)在這種情況下有的學(xué)生還處在一知半解、似懂非懂的狀態(tài)，如果教師給他們布置作業(yè)或者練習(xí)，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多在課堂上沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。因?yàn)榻處煂?duì)于聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生是采用手語(yǔ)進(jìn)行教學(xué)的，但手語(yǔ)有一些局限性，如它的語(yǔ)法跟書(shū)面語(yǔ)有明顯的區(qū)別，導(dǎo)致聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生在做作業(yè)或考試中對(duì)問(wèn)題的解答往往漏洞百出，有的是語(yǔ)法書(shū)寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，有的是對(duì)知識(shí)理解的偏差。對(duì)于上述情況教師要認(rèn)真分析研究，對(duì)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的各類錯(cuò)誤經(jīng)驗(yàn)作系統(tǒng)歸納，并且進(jìn)一步搞清他們所犯的錯(cuò)誤是由于怎樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)特征造成的，這樣才有助于他們徹底掌握相關(guān)知識(shí)。
其三，從日常談話中細(xì)心察覺(jué)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)特征。教師與聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的交流溝通主要是靠手語(yǔ)，多數(shù)情況下是一對(duì)一地交流，但是課堂教學(xué)時(shí)間有限，教師不可能將很多時(shí)間花在與聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的溝通上，所以平時(shí)課余時(shí)間就要多與他們交談。如，筆者與他們?cè)谡務(wù)摮允裁此麜r(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)他們不知道櫻桃是什么樣子的，當(dāng)時(shí)筆者想是不是因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有吃過(guò)一些不常見(jiàn)的水果。果然，筆者細(xì)問(wèn)后得知他們對(duì)很多當(dāng)?shù)夭怀Ｒ?jiàn)的水果與蔬菜都不認(rèn)識(shí)。知道了這些情況后，筆者在美術(shù)史的作品欣賞中有意挑選一些果蔬類繪畫(huà)作品，并進(jìn)行必要的介紹。這樣做對(duì)他們以后在美術(shù)高考中的色彩考試有很大幫助，讓他們不至于對(duì)色彩題目中的果蔬名稱產(chǎn)生疑問(wèn)。
2.增加聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的策略
其一，要讓聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生從親身體驗(yàn)中獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。對(duì)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，視覺(jué)是他們的主要信息來(lái)源，但是他們認(rèn)識(shí)事物有特點(diǎn)：聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)，所以不懂；看見(jiàn)過(guò)，就知道了；做過(guò)了，就會(huì)記住。所以，在教學(xué)中教師盡量要使他們能親身得到體驗(yàn)。如，課堂上在講解到有關(guān)色彩內(nèi)容時(shí)，為了讓他們知道不同材質(zhì)、不同肌理產(chǎn)生的色彩差異，教師可以拿一塊紅色的綢緞和一塊紅色毛料作對(duì)比，也可以將紅色絲巾和紅色棉布作對(duì)比，讓學(xué)生直觀感受不同的紅色效果，再通過(guò)舉一反三，告訴他們生活中有很多種紅色。只有這樣不斷加深學(xué)生的感性認(rèn)識(shí)，他們?cè)诟兄陀|摸中，才能更好地體會(huì)色彩的微妙變化，也能更好地理解作品。
其二，根據(jù)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的差異性，把握問(wèn)題的難度和梯度。聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生與普通學(xué)生相比，個(gè)體間的差異更大。每位聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力等級(jí)不同，聽(tīng)力缺損的時(shí)間與后期參加語(yǔ)言康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的時(shí)間不同，家庭背景不同，甚至父母的關(guān)注程度不同，等等，都對(duì)他們的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)造成一定的影響，從而影響他們對(duì)各學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)。教師在問(wèn)題設(shè)置上要遵循由淺入深、由簡(jiǎn)到繁的原則，盡量讓每位聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生都有不同程度的進(jìn)步。在平面構(gòu)成的教學(xué)中，針對(duì)多種形式美的內(nèi)容，教師可以根據(jù)不同學(xué)生的情況讓他們完成不同難度的繪畫(huà)作業(yè)，有能力的多畫(huà)幾種形式，能力弱的少畫(huà)幾種，還可以選擇簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)的形式來(lái)畫(huà)。不同難度的任務(wù)能充分激發(fā)每位聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的自信心，有效提升他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)知識(shí)。
其三，對(duì)教材進(jìn)行研究，找到教材與聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生當(dāng)下經(jīng)驗(yàn)的連接點(diǎn)。目前，聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的教材基本上還是參照普通學(xué)校的教材，雖然對(duì)于知識(shí)點(diǎn)的掌握二者的要求差不多，但是聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與普通學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)相比有懸殊。所以，在針對(duì)聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生的教材理解上，教師要花較多的精力仔細(xì)分析研究，特別要從聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生現(xiàn)有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)知識(shí)出發(fā)，找到其與教材中知識(shí)的連接點(diǎn)。如，在講解原始社會(huì)的陶塑作品時(shí)，聽(tīng)力障礙學(xué)生看到那些豐乳肥臀的女性塑像時(shí)，很難理解為什么原始人要雕這么難看的塑像，他們總是認(rèn)為美術(shù)就應(yīng)該欣賞美的東西，這些難看的女性塑像毫無(wú)美感可言。針對(duì)上述情況，筆者就從他們自己與爺爺奶奶輩的人的不同審美觀出發(fā)，講透這個(gè)道理。如此講解，這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)就不會(huì)那么抽象，他們也就容易理解。
四、結(jié)語(yǔ)
常有同學(xué)問(wèn)我：“學(xué)英語(yǔ)是不是很要求天賦？”
我那時(shí)竟頓住了，兩種相反卻都可自圓其說(shuō)的答案，配著各自相關(guān)的剪影在腦中閃過(guò)。我也許該順著他的眼神和流行的成功哲學(xué)以及可以預(yù)見(jiàn)的自我滿足感，給他描繪自己少時(shí)遭天命不公乃至口齒不清，而后奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)而勤終補(bǔ)拙的似水流年。但我居然走了另外一條路線，我緩緩說(shuō)：“不僅要具天賦，而且要求從幼時(shí)學(xué)起進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)天賦，但這些只是你的起點(diǎn)，你現(xiàn)在要做的是在起點(diǎn)與目標(biāo)之間劃一條盡可能精彩的弧線。”
還在大學(xué)的時(shí)候， 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)課雖牽強(qiáng)人意，自己卻深受其思維方法的影響：過(guò)去的投入是已經(jīng)沉落的成本，你需要的是利用現(xiàn)在爭(zhēng)取未來(lái)。也許這種理性也會(huì)同樣折射在其他學(xué)科上面，正如基辛格博士所持的論調(diào)那樣：對(duì)過(guò)去的肯定是一種現(xiàn)實(shí)態(tài)度，而政治的任務(wù)是要塑造它。剛才給予那位同學(xué)的回答或許正是這樣一種理性的鼓勵(lì)。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)認(rèn)識(shí)到天賦的力量是現(xiàn)實(shí)的，而在這基礎(chǔ)上的捷徑只能是一種理性的捷徑：
在體驗(yàn)中思考，在觀察中總結(jié)，設(shè)定合理的目標(biāo)和方略
首先，設(shè)定短期目標(biāo)作為突破重點(diǎn)。在教學(xué)中我們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)，漫無(wú)目的學(xué)習(xí)的同學(xué)往往進(jìn)步不大，而集中力量首先突破一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。以口語(yǔ)為例，短期內(nèi)全面提升口語(yǔ)有很大難度，甚至不同語(yǔ)體的口語(yǔ)要求截然不同(比如日常對(duì)話體用詞比起演講體就簡(jiǎn)單隨意很多)，但是如果短期的目標(biāo)只是一場(chǎng)面試，一次演講或者商務(wù)談判，則完全可能有捷徑可尋。我還記得大四時(shí)參加哈佛肯尼迪學(xué)院在上海的面試，由于準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間很短，讓我著實(shí)嘗試了“速成”的滋味，在兩天時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù)錘煉對(duì)自己教育背景，公共服務(wù)經(jīng)歷和職業(yè)目標(biāo)的闡述，特別是一些面試模塊化的詞組句子，在面試時(shí)收到很好效果。
